Angela Gregoire
Reflection # 16
Definition of rhetoric and its relationship to Roman education
Rhetoric is considered to be one of the oldest disciplines throughout Europe and by extension the world. In many European countries rhetoric was used to convinced people in most social settings. In ancient times rhetoric was used by great speakers to effectively persuade individuals in public gatherings and in the courts. During the late nineteenth century it was the primary focus of Western education, and out of this rose the need to educate writers and promising public speakers. Rhetoric is the study of using language persuasively and effectively. It can also be defined as the study of rules and principles of composition formed by critics in the colonial era. Throughout the twentieth century rhetoric was included in communication at the tertiary level. Rhetoric prepares students to write and speak effectively. The rhetoric curriculum stressed on the importance of rules and principles in composition for impressing audiences all over Europe. In Rome it was taught during the Middle Ages and was included in liberal arts studies. The art of rhetoric was explained in many handbooks, dialogues, lectures, and speeches. The great philosophers of ancient times together with seasoned public speakers and orators developed this interesting art of rhetoric.
The central focus of the Roman education was rhetoric and a form of declamation which was really a speech class where young men were given topics to write. These young men were instructed properly and they were expected to produce excellent speeches. Marcus Cicero was believed to be Rome’s best rhetorician and he can be considered to be the most read of the Classical time. He was well known for his contribution of what was known as the canons, and his ideas of kairos and also a determining theory. Cicero’s associate Quintilian was another famous rhetorician who was influential in procuring the traditions in both Rome and Greek. The survival of rhetoric can be linked to St. Augustine who was himself an important figure of his time. St. Augustine argued that Christians must not choose the sophist ideas of persuasion since eloquence is required to make the Bible’s instruction more effective. During the middle Ages most of the writings of the scholars in Rome were lost and hence the reason why the rhetoric theory endured, but it was Peter Ramus who persevered and explained that the canons of rhetoric should include dialectic and a simplified form of rhetoric to include delivery and style.
At sixteen young men in Rome were prepared by older men to master skills in public speaking because this was very important there. Rhetoric was the central focus for these young adults. The primary goal of education was to be able to write and speak effectively. The emphasis of rhetoric was very strong in Rome in comparison to other European schools. The Romans at the time removed subjects like athletics and music for they were not considered as important. The Romans were not interested in philosophy and science, but instead included manuals of rhetoric. The education system was geared towards preparing males to be leaders and the system instilled values based on traditions and Greek and Roman literature. The Romans placed more importance on rhetoric rather than mere knowledge. The ancient Greeks were credited for their achievements in mathematics, medicine, science, and philosophy, but the Romans priority was rhetoric. The emphasis on rhetoric reigned for a long time far surpassing the dictatorial era. From all records it is clear that rhetoric formed an integral part of the Roman education.
Sunday, February 28, 2010
Saturday, February 27, 2010
Reflection # 15
Angela Gregoire
Reflection # 15
Differences in ancient Athenian education and Roman education
The systems of education in both Athens and Rome have immensely influenced the system of education in America. The Athenians main emphasis was on music, literacy, and physical education. They believed that young Athenians should be well- rounded and should have healthy bodies. The Romans on the other hand taught basic skills in literacy and did not stress as much on the importance of music and exercise. The Romans had a similar program to the Athenians for their wealthy and skilled young men. In Athens, famous philosophers and teachers in the name of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato had a particular interest in education and they helped to shape the education system with their philosophies. In Rome mention must be made of Quintilian and Cicero, two important men who contributed to the education system.
In ancient Athens nurses and parents taught students good manners, morals, and respect for the gods. Athenian children were accompanied to school by a leader who was responsible for teaching good manners and values. Children began school at six or seven and continued until they were fourteen years old. Formal education for poor males stopped at fourteen years and from then on it was apprenticeship at a trade. Boys from affluent families were then taught by philosophers. The wealthy boys were instructed by Plato and they learned arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and harmonics. Literature was an important subject to study in Athens. Unlike the boys, the girls did not receive formal education. Instead they were trained to do domestic work. They learned music and they were able to write and read in their own homes. The girls were prepared to be good housewives. Some of the rich educated women in Athens were specially trained to be the companions of wealthy men. Most boys went through military training at eighteen years for two years to become a full citizen, and if he could afford he was free to further his education. Like most ancient colonies boys were far more educated than girls. These ideologies affected many other civilizations in the west. Education was very important in Athens and the great philosophers of the day reiterated its importance.
To this day many believe that the Roman education system was influenced by the Athenians. The Romans had a very organized system and understood the importance of knowledge. Homeschooling began at six years and children were taught by their parents and a nurse. Like Athens, girls were not as educated as the boys. They received a basic primary education in preparation for marriage to become efficient wives. They were given skills in sewing, and music. Girls got married at about twelve years old while boys got married at fourteen. They were taught in Greek and Latin. Children did writing and reading and memorized heroic extracts and stories with moral endings. Most of their arithmetic was done using the abacus. Roman children were not spared the rod although some great teachers there thought it was disgraceful and should only be used by slaves. At twelve years rich boys were taught literature, language, music, and philosophy in what is equivalent to secondary schools. The boys were taught mainly by Greek teachers because the teachers were thought to be well educated. At that time Greek language and literature was more significant than Latin. The Romans emphasized the importance of qualified teachers because they had to meet the students’ needs.
At about sixteen years boys received liberal arts education by teachers of rhetoric. There they were expected to be almost perfect. Their skills in sentence writing, composition, vocabulary, rhythm were tested and once they were skilled enough they began writing speeches. After writing these speeches they had to recite them. Some lucky boys completed their education in a foreign country and they were prepared to be good public speakers. The Romans did not offer much choice in the selection of subject to be learned although the school day was very long. Much of the learning was done with great fear and boys were punished for any offense. It was generally thought that they would learn better with an element of fear. Because books were too expensive the lessons were given orally.
Generally the education systems of Athens and Rome were very similar because it is clear that the Roman system was greatly influenced by the Athenian system. Most of the countries favored educating males while females received just basics. It is clear that women have been oppressed for a very long time. The Athenians had a more integrated system while the Romans concentrated on a few areas. The Athenians stressed heavily on physical education, but both colonies had a similar structure consisting of primary, secondary, and higher education. Famous teachers like Cicero influenced Roman education while Plato, Aristotle and Socrates laid the foundation for Athens. The Roman children did a lot of rote learning while the Athenians were influenced by the Socratic Method. Children in Roman were given few opportunities to question why while in Athens the questioning method was used. In Athens school attendance was not mandated by the state. The Athenians placed importance in virtues, moral values, and physical education and the Romans stressed rhetoric for it has shaped the educational structure. In conclusion, both Rome and Athens had great scholars who laid the foundation for an education system which influenced the system we have today.
Reflection # 15
Differences in ancient Athenian education and Roman education
The systems of education in both Athens and Rome have immensely influenced the system of education in America. The Athenians main emphasis was on music, literacy, and physical education. They believed that young Athenians should be well- rounded and should have healthy bodies. The Romans on the other hand taught basic skills in literacy and did not stress as much on the importance of music and exercise. The Romans had a similar program to the Athenians for their wealthy and skilled young men. In Athens, famous philosophers and teachers in the name of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato had a particular interest in education and they helped to shape the education system with their philosophies. In Rome mention must be made of Quintilian and Cicero, two important men who contributed to the education system.
In ancient Athens nurses and parents taught students good manners, morals, and respect for the gods. Athenian children were accompanied to school by a leader who was responsible for teaching good manners and values. Children began school at six or seven and continued until they were fourteen years old. Formal education for poor males stopped at fourteen years and from then on it was apprenticeship at a trade. Boys from affluent families were then taught by philosophers. The wealthy boys were instructed by Plato and they learned arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and harmonics. Literature was an important subject to study in Athens. Unlike the boys, the girls did not receive formal education. Instead they were trained to do domestic work. They learned music and they were able to write and read in their own homes. The girls were prepared to be good housewives. Some of the rich educated women in Athens were specially trained to be the companions of wealthy men. Most boys went through military training at eighteen years for two years to become a full citizen, and if he could afford he was free to further his education. Like most ancient colonies boys were far more educated than girls. These ideologies affected many other civilizations in the west. Education was very important in Athens and the great philosophers of the day reiterated its importance.
To this day many believe that the Roman education system was influenced by the Athenians. The Romans had a very organized system and understood the importance of knowledge. Homeschooling began at six years and children were taught by their parents and a nurse. Like Athens, girls were not as educated as the boys. They received a basic primary education in preparation for marriage to become efficient wives. They were given skills in sewing, and music. Girls got married at about twelve years old while boys got married at fourteen. They were taught in Greek and Latin. Children did writing and reading and memorized heroic extracts and stories with moral endings. Most of their arithmetic was done using the abacus. Roman children were not spared the rod although some great teachers there thought it was disgraceful and should only be used by slaves. At twelve years rich boys were taught literature, language, music, and philosophy in what is equivalent to secondary schools. The boys were taught mainly by Greek teachers because the teachers were thought to be well educated. At that time Greek language and literature was more significant than Latin. The Romans emphasized the importance of qualified teachers because they had to meet the students’ needs.
At about sixteen years boys received liberal arts education by teachers of rhetoric. There they were expected to be almost perfect. Their skills in sentence writing, composition, vocabulary, rhythm were tested and once they were skilled enough they began writing speeches. After writing these speeches they had to recite them. Some lucky boys completed their education in a foreign country and they were prepared to be good public speakers. The Romans did not offer much choice in the selection of subject to be learned although the school day was very long. Much of the learning was done with great fear and boys were punished for any offense. It was generally thought that they would learn better with an element of fear. Because books were too expensive the lessons were given orally.
Generally the education systems of Athens and Rome were very similar because it is clear that the Roman system was greatly influenced by the Athenian system. Most of the countries favored educating males while females received just basics. It is clear that women have been oppressed for a very long time. The Athenians had a more integrated system while the Romans concentrated on a few areas. The Athenians stressed heavily on physical education, but both colonies had a similar structure consisting of primary, secondary, and higher education. Famous teachers like Cicero influenced Roman education while Plato, Aristotle and Socrates laid the foundation for Athens. The Roman children did a lot of rote learning while the Athenians were influenced by the Socratic Method. Children in Roman were given few opportunities to question why while in Athens the questioning method was used. In Athens school attendance was not mandated by the state. The Athenians placed importance in virtues, moral values, and physical education and the Romans stressed rhetoric for it has shaped the educational structure. In conclusion, both Rome and Athens had great scholars who laid the foundation for an education system which influenced the system we have today.
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Reflection # 14
Angela Gregoire
Reflection #14
Impact of the Ideas of Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a pupil of Plato, the teacher of Alexander the Great and the son of a physician. He had a totally different approach to science than his teacher, Plato. He believed that the highest human faculty was reason. He was very interested in studying about the world and he had a special interest in science. Being raised by a physician may have motivated him to develop his love for living things. He set up the first science academy which was excellent in biology, but somewhat weak in physics. His school of inquiry was superior to everything that was created before him. His goal was to explain the meaning of scientific knowledge and give the reasons. He was indeed a great scientist and a first of his kind. Aristotle’s work surpassed that of his predecessors and was accepted by everyone. This work was part of the Christian Church.
His methods of investigation including the following: defining the subject matter, stating the difficulties and reviewing the accepting points on the subject, and other ideas of other writers, and finally stating his own arguments and solutions. Modern research papers still use a similar pattern up to this day. He had created the foundational approach to scientific research. His arguments were dialectic and empirical that is they were based both on logic deduction and practical thought. Aristotle had a special interest in animals and plants and he dissected them and observed them. He was also interested in their organs. His love for the study of nature was his search for causes and eventually he explained that all objects possessed four attributes, matter, form, moving cause and final cause. His entire approach fitted with Christianity and he became the first scientist to use dissection as his primary approach. His great work in science is still very significant to us today. Being the first to think quantitatively about speeds involved in movement he tried to explain how things fall. He concluded that the speed of moving objects was in direct proportion to the force applied. His philosophy contributed to the investigative approach and ended the final causes. He stressed that empirical investigation was necessary in understanding the world. He believed and taught at length that theory should follow fact. He explained that logic was a needed tool for inquiry.
Aristotle philosophy was to find out about the four causes. He explained the material cause by pointing out that it is the substance that the thing is made up of. The second cause he described it to be the design or the formal cause; the third cause he called the efficient cause which is the maker. The final cause was the purpose. In context with our present day thought the efficient cause is the main explanation of a thing but to him the final cause was proper. He strongly supported that organisms are created for a specific cause and that cause is the final cause. He contributed significantly to biology and living creatures provided him with tremendous evidence to support his final cause.
Aristotle’s philosophy set the foundation for the investigative approach and he was instrumental in establishing a science enterprise which can be compared to a modern science department. Some of his work in physics did not live up to standards, but his contribution in biology was very important because he reiterated that detailed empirical investigations were necessary to understand the world in its natural form. Aristotle’s philosophy continues to be the focus of academic study and his ethics were very influential and can be compared with our modern ethics. Aristotle’s work had a tremendous impact in modern western education
Reflection #14
Impact of the Ideas of Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a pupil of Plato, the teacher of Alexander the Great and the son of a physician. He had a totally different approach to science than his teacher, Plato. He believed that the highest human faculty was reason. He was very interested in studying about the world and he had a special interest in science. Being raised by a physician may have motivated him to develop his love for living things. He set up the first science academy which was excellent in biology, but somewhat weak in physics. His school of inquiry was superior to everything that was created before him. His goal was to explain the meaning of scientific knowledge and give the reasons. He was indeed a great scientist and a first of his kind. Aristotle’s work surpassed that of his predecessors and was accepted by everyone. This work was part of the Christian Church.
His methods of investigation including the following: defining the subject matter, stating the difficulties and reviewing the accepting points on the subject, and other ideas of other writers, and finally stating his own arguments and solutions. Modern research papers still use a similar pattern up to this day. He had created the foundational approach to scientific research. His arguments were dialectic and empirical that is they were based both on logic deduction and practical thought. Aristotle had a special interest in animals and plants and he dissected them and observed them. He was also interested in their organs. His love for the study of nature was his search for causes and eventually he explained that all objects possessed four attributes, matter, form, moving cause and final cause. His entire approach fitted with Christianity and he became the first scientist to use dissection as his primary approach. His great work in science is still very significant to us today. Being the first to think quantitatively about speeds involved in movement he tried to explain how things fall. He concluded that the speed of moving objects was in direct proportion to the force applied. His philosophy contributed to the investigative approach and ended the final causes. He stressed that empirical investigation was necessary in understanding the world. He believed and taught at length that theory should follow fact. He explained that logic was a needed tool for inquiry.
Aristotle philosophy was to find out about the four causes. He explained the material cause by pointing out that it is the substance that the thing is made up of. The second cause he described it to be the design or the formal cause; the third cause he called the efficient cause which is the maker. The final cause was the purpose. In context with our present day thought the efficient cause is the main explanation of a thing but to him the final cause was proper. He strongly supported that organisms are created for a specific cause and that cause is the final cause. He contributed significantly to biology and living creatures provided him with tremendous evidence to support his final cause.
Aristotle’s philosophy set the foundation for the investigative approach and he was instrumental in establishing a science enterprise which can be compared to a modern science department. Some of his work in physics did not live up to standards, but his contribution in biology was very important because he reiterated that detailed empirical investigations were necessary to understand the world in its natural form. Aristotle’s philosophy continues to be the focus of academic study and his ethics were very influential and can be compared with our modern ethics. Aristotle’s work had a tremendous impact in modern western education
Reflection # !3
Angela Gregoire
Reflection #13
The impact of the Ideas of Plato
Plato was a great educational philosopher and thinker. He can be considered as one of the founding fathers of education who has inspired many educators and philosophers worldwide. His theory, philosophy and ideas have assisted in creating the foundation of a strong education system. Plato was the student of Socrates, who was himself, was a man of great wisdom. Plato’s debating style was similar to that of his great teacher. Plato was a very creative individual and he was the founder of the first university in Athens.
Plato was certain that knowledge was achievable and debated this theory and concluded that knowledge emerged from experience. The concept of knowledge was examined thoroughly. He dealt with many issues and he evaluated strictly by reason. He was very enthusiastic when dealing his pupils and he passed on to them his keen sense of reasoning. His students in turn developed enquiring minds. He explored the differences between reality and knowledge and he encouraged his students to use the dialectic approach to think independently. He strongly advocated that teachers are not the maker of ideas, but instead prompt them in students’ minds so they could bring them out in the best possible ways. It was his belief that students had a lot of ideas but it was the teacher’s job to get out these ideas successfully. Plato was an analytic thinker and he wanted his students to have enquiring minds, to think logically and to question things in their environment. His method of enquiry is still used today in many institutions.
Plato emphasized strongly that harmony should exist among all classes of people, and that everyone should enjoy equal opportunity. He was a champion in social justice and equality. He also emphasized that everybody should be treated equally, fairly, and with great dignity. He constantly argued that harmony should exist among all classes of people and everybody should enjoy equal opportunity. Based on this principle he set up his concept of universal education, which was an excellent idea. He recommended that the state must provide education for all its citizens because education was very important and the key to get them out of poverty. He strongly advocated a kind of curriculum inclusive of physical education and stressed the importance of physical fitness and a healthy body. He maintained that physical education should not be a component of the extra curriculum, but instead included in the formal curriculum. Plato echoed the importance of educating the youth of society. He shared the view that human beings are created with skills and instincts and everyone can learn. He believed that everyone was capable of living a fulfilled life and for this to happen society should be well governed. He accepted that everyone can contribute meaningfully to society if only they do what is right.
This Greek philosopher viewed education as holistic if art, music, physical education, skills, and facts were included. Today all educators share that same view. He believed that all individuals were talented and the most gifted ones should be given suitable training. In saying that, he was promoting a selective type of education which in today’s context could be referred to as tracking. Plato’s views have been very inspirational to many educators and have helped shape the system which exists today. It is safe to say that his theories have helped to change the concept of education and Plato together with many other Greek philosophers have influenced our education system.
Reflection #13
The impact of the Ideas of Plato
Plato was a great educational philosopher and thinker. He can be considered as one of the founding fathers of education who has inspired many educators and philosophers worldwide. His theory, philosophy and ideas have assisted in creating the foundation of a strong education system. Plato was the student of Socrates, who was himself, was a man of great wisdom. Plato’s debating style was similar to that of his great teacher. Plato was a very creative individual and he was the founder of the first university in Athens.
Plato was certain that knowledge was achievable and debated this theory and concluded that knowledge emerged from experience. The concept of knowledge was examined thoroughly. He dealt with many issues and he evaluated strictly by reason. He was very enthusiastic when dealing his pupils and he passed on to them his keen sense of reasoning. His students in turn developed enquiring minds. He explored the differences between reality and knowledge and he encouraged his students to use the dialectic approach to think independently. He strongly advocated that teachers are not the maker of ideas, but instead prompt them in students’ minds so they could bring them out in the best possible ways. It was his belief that students had a lot of ideas but it was the teacher’s job to get out these ideas successfully. Plato was an analytic thinker and he wanted his students to have enquiring minds, to think logically and to question things in their environment. His method of enquiry is still used today in many institutions.
Plato emphasized strongly that harmony should exist among all classes of people, and that everyone should enjoy equal opportunity. He was a champion in social justice and equality. He also emphasized that everybody should be treated equally, fairly, and with great dignity. He constantly argued that harmony should exist among all classes of people and everybody should enjoy equal opportunity. Based on this principle he set up his concept of universal education, which was an excellent idea. He recommended that the state must provide education for all its citizens because education was very important and the key to get them out of poverty. He strongly advocated a kind of curriculum inclusive of physical education and stressed the importance of physical fitness and a healthy body. He maintained that physical education should not be a component of the extra curriculum, but instead included in the formal curriculum. Plato echoed the importance of educating the youth of society. He shared the view that human beings are created with skills and instincts and everyone can learn. He believed that everyone was capable of living a fulfilled life and for this to happen society should be well governed. He accepted that everyone can contribute meaningfully to society if only they do what is right.
This Greek philosopher viewed education as holistic if art, music, physical education, skills, and facts were included. Today all educators share that same view. He believed that all individuals were talented and the most gifted ones should be given suitable training. In saying that, he was promoting a selective type of education which in today’s context could be referred to as tracking. Plato’s views have been very inspirational to many educators and have helped shape the system which exists today. It is safe to say that his theories have helped to change the concept of education and Plato together with many other Greek philosophers have influenced our education system.
Saturday, February 13, 2010
REflection # 12
Angela Gregoire
Reflection #12
The launching of Sputnik fifty years ago by the Soviet Union was an event that changed higher education in America. This launching hit America by surprise and it began to take action to improve the education system in all states. In 1958, Congress passed an Education Act soon after the cold war as a direct response to the launch. There was a great demand for highly trained individuals in technical and scientific areas to help America compete with the Soviet Union. As a direct consequence, the National Defense Education Act increased the support for loans to college students, and for the advancement of science, mathematics and foreign languages in both elementary and secondary schools, vocational and technical schools, and graduate schools. More funds were also available for foreign languages and area studies.
Laws in the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the concept of equal access and many forms of legislation stopped discrimination based on sex, race, and disability. Civil rights Act also had some impact on the Education Department. Among the many changes in that era was the launching of the secondary and elementary schools Act. There was an increase of federal aid to disadvantaged students to deal with poverty problems in rural and urban schools. In addition to all this, financial aid was readily available for the neediest students in all schools. The education revolution continued for many years, and in the mid nineteenth century the department of education was included as a cabinet level agency. Today it is clear that the education reform following Sputnik helped shaped the system we have. It is clear that the launching of Sputnik had both positive and negative implications for the American people. The launching of this missile was a blessing for the American education system for it helped the department to remain on focus. The department continued to foster excellent student achievement and students are better prepared to compete globally and achieve equal access in educational opportunities. The education department continues to monitor and improve the system for the benefit of all. The department continues to heighten the awareness at community and national level, face challenges, and explore teaching and learning approaches. The financial budget for education ensures excellence through the administration of programs ranging from pre-kindergarten to postdoctoral studies. Sputnik changed the future for it started the space race and America was forced to create NASA. Following this, man was able to land on the moon, and GPS and the internet were invented. This was an era of great scientific advances, thanks to the Soviet Union.
Reflection #12
The launching of Sputnik fifty years ago by the Soviet Union was an event that changed higher education in America. This launching hit America by surprise and it began to take action to improve the education system in all states. In 1958, Congress passed an Education Act soon after the cold war as a direct response to the launch. There was a great demand for highly trained individuals in technical and scientific areas to help America compete with the Soviet Union. As a direct consequence, the National Defense Education Act increased the support for loans to college students, and for the advancement of science, mathematics and foreign languages in both elementary and secondary schools, vocational and technical schools, and graduate schools. More funds were also available for foreign languages and area studies.
Laws in the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the concept of equal access and many forms of legislation stopped discrimination based on sex, race, and disability. Civil rights Act also had some impact on the Education Department. Among the many changes in that era was the launching of the secondary and elementary schools Act. There was an increase of federal aid to disadvantaged students to deal with poverty problems in rural and urban schools. In addition to all this, financial aid was readily available for the neediest students in all schools. The education revolution continued for many years, and in the mid nineteenth century the department of education was included as a cabinet level agency. Today it is clear that the education reform following Sputnik helped shaped the system we have. It is clear that the launching of Sputnik had both positive and negative implications for the American people. The launching of this missile was a blessing for the American education system for it helped the department to remain on focus. The department continued to foster excellent student achievement and students are better prepared to compete globally and achieve equal access in educational opportunities. The education department continues to monitor and improve the system for the benefit of all. The department continues to heighten the awareness at community and national level, face challenges, and explore teaching and learning approaches. The financial budget for education ensures excellence through the administration of programs ranging from pre-kindergarten to postdoctoral studies. Sputnik changed the future for it started the space race and America was forced to create NASA. Following this, man was able to land on the moon, and GPS and the internet were invented. This was an era of great scientific advances, thanks to the Soviet Union.
Reflection # 11
Angela Gregoire
Reflection #11
The Socrates’ philosophy had a lasting effect on men and his contributions will continue to influence the thinking person, the government, and education in Western societies. This philosopher and teacher was a great believer of ethics and his method of enquiry contributed significantly to Western thought. His questioning method led the way to what is now the scientific method. His questioning method and his enquiring mind eventually impacted the philosophy of education. Today his method of enquiry is still used. Educators still employ his methods and efficient teachers encourage thinking for themselves using his methods. Teachers prepare students to become creative thinkers instead of simply pumping information. The student should be able to examine life critically using the Socrates method. In the classroom, the teacher should accept answers with good reasoning, as the emphasis must be on reasoning rather than simple facts. Educational institutions all over the world create safe environments where students feel free to challenge other students and teachers alike. An atmosphere where students can correct the teacher and teacher can correct the student should be encouraged. Individuals should come up with their own conclusions following a situation through a series of questioning techniques. The teacher should facilitate learning and guide students to discover the truth. The questioning method gives students some insight of critical issues being discussed.
This great Greek philosopher, Socrates contributed significantly to the study of human knowledge and reasoning. His methods and teachings influenced Western education philosophies for a long time. His method of enquiry is still used today, and is one of his greatest contributions. The steps used in solving problems are still being used today in the scientific method; and which has earned him the title of the father of philosophy. It was his view that one of the best way to live was to concentrate on the development of self rather than material things. To me that is an excellent principle.
This great philosopher connected knowledge with happiness. He believed that knowledge made everyone happy and he overemphasized the importance of knowledge and reaffirmed that knowledge is power. He was an advocate for self-knowledge and explained that an educated man is wise when he can help himself. To Socrates, knowledge was interactive and living and he never documented anything. Another philosophy was that everyone had virtues. To him having intellectual virtue was necessary and everyone should search for the good and aim for the best life.
Socrates was one of the most influential Western philosophers. His ideas have great significance in modern education. His teachings have impacted on great thinkers, religious leaders, educators, and laymen. His scientific ideas also impacted on all institutions in the Western world. He is well-known and remembered for the contribution on ethics. The elenchus is still used in many discussions, and his method of questioning is treasured up to this day. The contributions he made to human knowledge and reasoning, and his ideas and influence were the ground work for much more research.
Reflection #11
The Socrates’ philosophy had a lasting effect on men and his contributions will continue to influence the thinking person, the government, and education in Western societies. This philosopher and teacher was a great believer of ethics and his method of enquiry contributed significantly to Western thought. His questioning method led the way to what is now the scientific method. His questioning method and his enquiring mind eventually impacted the philosophy of education. Today his method of enquiry is still used. Educators still employ his methods and efficient teachers encourage thinking for themselves using his methods. Teachers prepare students to become creative thinkers instead of simply pumping information. The student should be able to examine life critically using the Socrates method. In the classroom, the teacher should accept answers with good reasoning, as the emphasis must be on reasoning rather than simple facts. Educational institutions all over the world create safe environments where students feel free to challenge other students and teachers alike. An atmosphere where students can correct the teacher and teacher can correct the student should be encouraged. Individuals should come up with their own conclusions following a situation through a series of questioning techniques. The teacher should facilitate learning and guide students to discover the truth. The questioning method gives students some insight of critical issues being discussed.
This great Greek philosopher, Socrates contributed significantly to the study of human knowledge and reasoning. His methods and teachings influenced Western education philosophies for a long time. His method of enquiry is still used today, and is one of his greatest contributions. The steps used in solving problems are still being used today in the scientific method; and which has earned him the title of the father of philosophy. It was his view that one of the best way to live was to concentrate on the development of self rather than material things. To me that is an excellent principle.
This great philosopher connected knowledge with happiness. He believed that knowledge made everyone happy and he overemphasized the importance of knowledge and reaffirmed that knowledge is power. He was an advocate for self-knowledge and explained that an educated man is wise when he can help himself. To Socrates, knowledge was interactive and living and he never documented anything. Another philosophy was that everyone had virtues. To him having intellectual virtue was necessary and everyone should search for the good and aim for the best life.
Socrates was one of the most influential Western philosophers. His ideas have great significance in modern education. His teachings have impacted on great thinkers, religious leaders, educators, and laymen. His scientific ideas also impacted on all institutions in the Western world. He is well-known and remembered for the contribution on ethics. The elenchus is still used in many discussions, and his method of questioning is treasured up to this day. The contributions he made to human knowledge and reasoning, and his ideas and influence were the ground work for much more research.
Sunday, February 7, 2010
Reflection #9
Angela Gregoire
Reflect ion # 9
Sumerian scribal schools may have started very early, soon after the development of cuneiform writing. Writing was taught formally, and different categories of scribes were trained to fill in administrative positions. The first Sumerian schools were professional in nature, and they were set up primarily to train scribes to take up administrative and economic jobs, which were in great demand. As time went on, the curriculum broadened to include botany,, geography, theology, mathematics, and linguistic knowledge. There was great emphasis on culture and learning while some schools concentrated on creative writing. Many of the literary works of the past were copied, and new ones were compiled by the scribes. The qualified scribes were interested in teaching and learning and received a salary, but majority of them continued with research and writing as a hobby. The Sumerian schools began as temple schools, but eventually shifted to what became secular institutions. Teachers in Sumer received salaries from tuition fees paid by students. Students from high economic backgrounds attended schools, but individuals from poor families could not afford the cost.. In Sumerian culture, the student body was mainly males, since women were not listed as scribes. The Sumerian schools operated like a fraternity where the head of the school was referred to as the father and the pupils were called sons. Other names used included big brother. The pupils had to copy and memorize information. Like many other early schools, discipline was key and the school system was very structured. There were members of faculty responsible for discipline and attendance. The curriculum had two sub-divisions: one was mainly semi scientific and scholarly while the second was literary and creative. In the first division, the teachers created a system of instruction where language was classified into words and phrases and students were expected to copy and memorize until it reached perfection.
By the third millennium, textbooks were more complete and less stereotyped. Mathematics and grammar were well represented among the tablets and by the last quarter of the millennium the oldest dictionaries were compiled. Based on a pedagogical need, the Sumerian words and phrases were changed into the Akkadian language. Not much is known about techniques and approaches used in schools, but what is certain is that memorization played a significant role.
Schools in Sumer depended on the rod for discipline and excellence. Pupils had a lengthy day at school and stayed there for many years. There is no information indicating whether students received holidays, but we are sure that many years were devoted to studying.
The children in Ancient Egypt imitated adult behavior just as children in the present era. Imitation was one of the main approaches in which children were learning their occupation. The Egyptians because of their practical nature, taught their children subjects that were only useful in their careers. School boys from wealthy families started school at four years, and even they started their occupation was determined by fathers. Like the Sumerians, Egyptians girls did not receive the same level of education as the boys. Instead, they were taught how to manage a household, and how to dance, sing, and play musical instruments. In addition to skills, the children were taught about morals and family life. Parents were responsible to pass on ideas about the world, religion, folk rituals, correct behavior toward others, and towards the church.
Egyptian children received formal vocational training, scribal and home training, and also on the job training. Young adults usually followed family trade up to the highest offices. Just as in Sumerian schools children of less wealthy families had less formal education, and were taught how to harvest, sow, tend poultry and cattle, make nets and catch and prepare fish. In Egypt, the skilled individuals had to be literate to take up important jobs. Like the Sumerians, the students had to memorize texts by heart and did arithmetic silently. The children used limestone fragments and pottery shreds to practice their writing skills as compared to the Sumerians who used clay tablets. The scribes were expected to master reading, and the royal family learned mathematics, writing, literature, and grammar. Children started school about four, but went to school for an extended period of time. The king hired royal tutors to personally teach his children. It is evident in both Sumerian and Egyptian culture that there was class division among its people. Children from wealthy families received preferential treatment far better than students from less affluent families.
Research has indicated that children who do a lot of academic work are more successful and achieve much more. The critical issue is how effective are teachers in the classrooms and how well time is managed. Children can learn in many different environments, but effective teachers must be good managers, and organize academic material and instruction. Children in Ancient schools were less distracted and concentrated on their work, and were very successful. Teachers had less management problems, and of course there was no sparing of the rod. To be effective in the classroom, teachers must carefully organize classrooms to reduce disturbances, provide safe and caring environments, and to ascertain that classes move forward.
Reflect ion # 9
Sumerian scribal schools may have started very early, soon after the development of cuneiform writing. Writing was taught formally, and different categories of scribes were trained to fill in administrative positions. The first Sumerian schools were professional in nature, and they were set up primarily to train scribes to take up administrative and economic jobs, which were in great demand. As time went on, the curriculum broadened to include botany,, geography, theology, mathematics, and linguistic knowledge. There was great emphasis on culture and learning while some schools concentrated on creative writing. Many of the literary works of the past were copied, and new ones were compiled by the scribes. The qualified scribes were interested in teaching and learning and received a salary, but majority of them continued with research and writing as a hobby. The Sumerian schools began as temple schools, but eventually shifted to what became secular institutions. Teachers in Sumer received salaries from tuition fees paid by students. Students from high economic backgrounds attended schools, but individuals from poor families could not afford the cost.. In Sumerian culture, the student body was mainly males, since women were not listed as scribes. The Sumerian schools operated like a fraternity where the head of the school was referred to as the father and the pupils were called sons. Other names used included big brother. The pupils had to copy and memorize information. Like many other early schools, discipline was key and the school system was very structured. There were members of faculty responsible for discipline and attendance. The curriculum had two sub-divisions: one was mainly semi scientific and scholarly while the second was literary and creative. In the first division, the teachers created a system of instruction where language was classified into words and phrases and students were expected to copy and memorize until it reached perfection.
By the third millennium, textbooks were more complete and less stereotyped. Mathematics and grammar were well represented among the tablets and by the last quarter of the millennium the oldest dictionaries were compiled. Based on a pedagogical need, the Sumerian words and phrases were changed into the Akkadian language. Not much is known about techniques and approaches used in schools, but what is certain is that memorization played a significant role.
Schools in Sumer depended on the rod for discipline and excellence. Pupils had a lengthy day at school and stayed there for many years. There is no information indicating whether students received holidays, but we are sure that many years were devoted to studying.
The children in Ancient Egypt imitated adult behavior just as children in the present era. Imitation was one of the main approaches in which children were learning their occupation. The Egyptians because of their practical nature, taught their children subjects that were only useful in their careers. School boys from wealthy families started school at four years, and even they started their occupation was determined by fathers. Like the Sumerians, Egyptians girls did not receive the same level of education as the boys. Instead, they were taught how to manage a household, and how to dance, sing, and play musical instruments. In addition to skills, the children were taught about morals and family life. Parents were responsible to pass on ideas about the world, religion, folk rituals, correct behavior toward others, and towards the church.
Egyptian children received formal vocational training, scribal and home training, and also on the job training. Young adults usually followed family trade up to the highest offices. Just as in Sumerian schools children of less wealthy families had less formal education, and were taught how to harvest, sow, tend poultry and cattle, make nets and catch and prepare fish. In Egypt, the skilled individuals had to be literate to take up important jobs. Like the Sumerians, the students had to memorize texts by heart and did arithmetic silently. The children used limestone fragments and pottery shreds to practice their writing skills as compared to the Sumerians who used clay tablets. The scribes were expected to master reading, and the royal family learned mathematics, writing, literature, and grammar. Children started school about four, but went to school for an extended period of time. The king hired royal tutors to personally teach his children. It is evident in both Sumerian and Egyptian culture that there was class division among its people. Children from wealthy families received preferential treatment far better than students from less affluent families.
Research has indicated that children who do a lot of academic work are more successful and achieve much more. The critical issue is how effective are teachers in the classrooms and how well time is managed. Children can learn in many different environments, but effective teachers must be good managers, and organize academic material and instruction. Children in Ancient schools were less distracted and concentrated on their work, and were very successful. Teachers had less management problems, and of course there was no sparing of the rod. To be effective in the classroom, teachers must carefully organize classrooms to reduce disturbances, provide safe and caring environments, and to ascertain that classes move forward.
Saturday, February 6, 2010
Reflection # 10
Angela Gregoire
Reflection #10
Teacher as a Gatekeeper
The teacher is often seen as an architect in molding young minds and educating the future generation of our country. The role of the teacher far surpasses that of many professions since their contribution to society is both valuable and significant. The teacher has a lasting influence on society and almost everyone they come in contact with.The teacher is the gatekeeper to the classroom because she is the one with authority to manage classrooms, and to decide which curriculum and strategy to use. To be a teacher requires great skill, energy, and effort. It is the teacher who creates an open, comfortable,safe,, and conducive environment for students who spend most of their time in schools. The teacher is truly a gatekeeper, for she functions not only as a disciplinarian, but that of a parent, mentor, nurse, and counselor.
The role of the teacher as a gatekeeper cannot be overemphasized, because as teachers we help students make difficult transitions, and be active participants in their own education.Individuals are given opportunities to grow and be responsible citizens. The teacher as the gatekeeper is of paramount importance in a world where students are easily distracted. It is the teacher who influences students’ lives, and produce individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the societies they live in. It is also the teacher who sets high standards and encourage students to maintain high standards. In the classroom and away from the classroom, the teacher remains an academic and personal mentor.
The teacher as a professional is held with great respect and sincerity. Teachers sacrifice their whole being and invest a lot of time in teaching, and do not consider their vocation as just an intellectual exercise.She is passionate about her rights, duties, and responsibilities; and is concerned about students’ welfare and plays an active part in educating them. The teacher listens to students’ concern and help to find solutions. She is very often seen as a facilitator and an organizer. The part the teacher plays as a gatekeeper is maintained when students emulate the teachers good behavior and morale. As teachers work diligently from classroom to classroom, and from school to school they impart knowledge and values which have lasting effects on students’ lives. Teachers impact positively on their students as they journey from kindergarten to graduation, and serve both as adviser and confidant. Very often the teacher is seen as a role model whom students pattern in mannerisms, etiquette, and attitude. Teaching is a noble profession and most teachers prove just that. It is the teacher who can make difference the difference. She is responsible for all successes, failures, limitations and achievements. The teacher is the person of authority to guide, make decisions in the best interest of of all students. The teacher is the one who can adjust the curriculum so as to meet the needs of everyone. She is the one to decide whether to use technology, or any other appropriate approach that will be beneficial to her pupils. The teacher is in command of her classroom and decides what is tolerated . The teacher knows the strengths and weaknesses of her students, and she is the one who makes amends to accommodate each individual.
Teachers continue to function as the gatekeeper when students are allowed to express themselves when they have sufficient time to mingle with each other, and become active participants in their learning. The teacher’s job is a challenging one, but can be very rewarding if it is done with the students’ interest at heart.
Reflection #10
Teacher as a Gatekeeper
The teacher is often seen as an architect in molding young minds and educating the future generation of our country. The role of the teacher far surpasses that of many professions since their contribution to society is both valuable and significant. The teacher has a lasting influence on society and almost everyone they come in contact with.The teacher is the gatekeeper to the classroom because she is the one with authority to manage classrooms, and to decide which curriculum and strategy to use. To be a teacher requires great skill, energy, and effort. It is the teacher who creates an open, comfortable,safe,, and conducive environment for students who spend most of their time in schools. The teacher is truly a gatekeeper, for she functions not only as a disciplinarian, but that of a parent, mentor, nurse, and counselor.
The role of the teacher as a gatekeeper cannot be overemphasized, because as teachers we help students make difficult transitions, and be active participants in their own education.Individuals are given opportunities to grow and be responsible citizens. The teacher as the gatekeeper is of paramount importance in a world where students are easily distracted. It is the teacher who influences students’ lives, and produce individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the societies they live in. It is also the teacher who sets high standards and encourage students to maintain high standards. In the classroom and away from the classroom, the teacher remains an academic and personal mentor.
The teacher as a professional is held with great respect and sincerity. Teachers sacrifice their whole being and invest a lot of time in teaching, and do not consider their vocation as just an intellectual exercise.She is passionate about her rights, duties, and responsibilities; and is concerned about students’ welfare and plays an active part in educating them. The teacher listens to students’ concern and help to find solutions. She is very often seen as a facilitator and an organizer. The part the teacher plays as a gatekeeper is maintained when students emulate the teachers good behavior and morale. As teachers work diligently from classroom to classroom, and from school to school they impart knowledge and values which have lasting effects on students’ lives. Teachers impact positively on their students as they journey from kindergarten to graduation, and serve both as adviser and confidant. Very often the teacher is seen as a role model whom students pattern in mannerisms, etiquette, and attitude. Teaching is a noble profession and most teachers prove just that. It is the teacher who can make difference the difference. She is responsible for all successes, failures, limitations and achievements. The teacher is the person of authority to guide, make decisions in the best interest of of all students. The teacher is the one who can adjust the curriculum so as to meet the needs of everyone. She is the one to decide whether to use technology, or any other appropriate approach that will be beneficial to her pupils. The teacher is in command of her classroom and decides what is tolerated . The teacher knows the strengths and weaknesses of her students, and she is the one who makes amends to accommodate each individual.
Teachers continue to function as the gatekeeper when students are allowed to express themselves when they have sufficient time to mingle with each other, and become active participants in their learning. The teacher’s job is a challenging one, but can be very rewarding if it is done with the students’ interest at heart.
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